From: Regional prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in India
Regions | North | South | East | West | Central | North-East | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study variables | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value |
Child factors | ||||||||||||
 Sex of baby | ||||||||||||
  Male |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Female |  |  | 0.75(0.59, 0.95) | 0.015 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Birth order | ||||||||||||
  First-born | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  2nd-4th | 0.71(0.60, 0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.56(0.45, 0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.70(0.59, 0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.46(0.34, 0.61) | < 0.001 | 0.80(0.71, 0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.50(0.39, 0.64) | < 0.001 |
  5 or more | 0.59(0.42, 0.83) | 0.003 | 0.54(0.16, 1.83) | 0.32 | 0.80(0.60, 1.08) | 0.144 | 0.67(0.34, 1.31) | 0.239 | 0.68(0.54, 0.85) | 0.001 | 0.32(0.21, 0.48) | < 0.001 |
 Perceived size of the baby | ||||||||||||
  Small |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Average |  |  | 0.74(0.50, 1.10) | 0.137 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Large |  |  | 0.53(0.35, 0.80) | 0.003 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Maternal factors | ||||||||||||
 Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
  No education |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Primary |  |  | 1.11(0.66, 1.84) | 0.701 |  |  |  |  | 1.13(0.96, 1.34) | 0.145 | 1.13(0.96, 1.34) | 0.145 |
  Secondary and higher |  |  | 0.59(0.41, 0.84) | 0.003 |  |  |  |  | 1.24(1.07, 1.43) | 0.004 | 1.24(1.07, 1.43) | 0.004 |
 Mother’s religion | ||||||||||||
  Hindu |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |
  Muslim |  |  |  |  | 0.96(0.76, 1.20) | 0.703 |  |  | 0.75(0.63, 0.90) | 0.001 |  |  |
  Christianity and others |  |  |  |  | 0.55(0.36, 0.85) | 0.006 |  |  | 1.26(0.68, 2.35) | 0.459 |  |  |
 Type of caste or tribe | ||||||||||||
  Scheduled caste |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |  |  |
  Scheduled tribe |  |  |  |  | 1.47(1.09, 1.99) | 0.012 | 0.76(0.39, 1.48) | 0.417 | 1.82(1.49, 2.22) | < 0.001 |  |  |
  Other backward class |  |  |  |  | 0.82(0.67, 1.00) | 0.049 | 0.85(0.50, 1.43) | 0.531 | 1.00(0.86, 1.17) | 0.969 |  |  |
  Others |  |  |  |  | 0.95(0.73, 1.25) | 0.729 | 0.56(0.32, 0.99) | 0.046 | 0.83(0.68, 1.00) | 0.055 |  |  |
Household factors | ||||||||||||
 Marital status | ||||||||||||
  Currently married |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |
  Formerly married (divorced/separated/ widowed) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.32(0.14, 0.70) | 0.004 |  |  |
 Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
  Poor |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |
  Middle |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.89(0.77, 1.04) | 0.155 |  |  |
  Rich |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.69(0.59, 0.81) | < 0.001 |  |  |
Health service factors | ||||||||||||
 Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
  None | Ref. |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  1–3 | 1.13(0.87, 1.48) | 0.361 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  4+ | 1.34(1.02, 1.76) | 0.035 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
  Health professional |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Traditional birth attendant |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.83(0.69, 0.99) | 0.043 | 0.73(0.50, 1.06) | 0.100 |
  Other untrained personnel |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.89(0.78, 1.01) | 0.071 | 1.49(1.08, 2.06) | 0.016 |
 Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
  Vaginal |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |
  Caesarean section |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.72(1.24, 2.40) | 0.001 |
Community-level factor | ||||||||||||
 Place of residence | ||||||||||||
  Urban |  |  |  |  |  |  | Ref. |  |  |  |  |  |
  Rural |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.71(0.51, 0.99) | 0.045 |  |  |  |  |