From: Regional prevalence and determinants of exclusive breastfeeding in India
 | North (n = 2731) | South (n = 3641) | East (n = 5177) | West (n = 2572) | Central (n = 6425) | North Eastern (n = 806) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
Child characteristics | ||||||||||||
 Sex of baby | ||||||||||||
  Male | 1443 | 52.8 | 1880 | 51.7 | 2740 | 52.9 | 1292 | 50.2 | 3190 | 51.4 | 399 | 49.5 |
  Female | 1288 | 47.2 | 1761 | 48.4 | 2436 | 47.1 | 1280 | 49.8 | 3015 | 48.6 | 407 | 50.6 |
 Age of child (months) | ||||||||||||
  0–2.9 | 1108 | 40.6 | 1467 | 40.3 | 2117 | 40.9 | 1054 | 41.0 | 2681 | 43.0 | 351 | 43.5 |
  3–5.9 | 1623 | 59.4 | 2174 | 59.7 | 3060 | 59.1 | 1518 | 59.0 | 3525 | 57.0 | 455 | 56.5 |
 Birth order | ||||||||||||
  First-born | 1130 | 41.4 | 1606 | 4.1 | 1901 | 36.7 | 1074 | 41.8 | 2113 | 34.1 | 323 | 40.1 |
  2nd-4th | 1428 | 52.3 | 1994 | 54.7 | 2863 | 55.3 | 1438 | 55.9 | 3506 | 56.5 | 420 | 52.1 |
  5 or more | 173 | 6.3 | 41.0 | 1.1 | 413 | 8.0 | 60 | 2.3 | 587 | 9.5 | 63 | 7.8 |
 Perceived size of baby | ||||||||||||
  Small | 312 | 11.6 | 349 | 9.7 | 670 | 13.1 | 321 | 12.5 | 928 | 15.1 | 116 | 15.6 |
  Average | 2007 | 74.5 | 2235 | 61.9 | 3303 | 64.5 | 1670 | 65.3 | 4411 | 71.9 | 483 | 64.6 |
  Large | 374 | 13.9 | 1025 | 28.4 | 1145 | 22.4 | 568 | 22.2 | 797 | 13.0 | 148 | 19.8 |
 Preceding birth interval | ||||||||||||
  No previous birth | 1139 | 41.7 | 1630 | 44.8 | 1914 | 37.0 | 1081 | 42.0 | 2122 | 34.2 | 323 | 40.1 |
   < 24 months | 401 | 14.7 | 562 | 15.4 | 751 | 14.5 | 357 | 13.9 | 997 | 16.1 | 70 | 8.7 |
   > 24 months | 1191 | 43.6 | 1449 | 39.8 | 2511 | 48.5 | 1133 | 44.1 | 3087 | 49.7 | 412 | 51.1 |
Maternal characteristics | ||||||||||||
 Mother’s age | ||||||||||||
  15–24 years | 154 | 6.1 | 341 | 9.4 | 714 | 13.8 | 243 | 9.4 | 317 | 4.9 | 94 | 11.6 |
  25–34 years | 2247 | 89.5 | 3211 | 88.2 | 4209 | 81.3 | 2259 | 87.8 | 5779 | 90.0 | 639 | 79.3 |
  35–49 years | 111 | 4.4 | 90 | 2.5 | 253 | 4.9 | 70 | 2.7 | 329 | 5.1 | 73 | 9.1 |
 Mother’s education | ||||||||||||
  No education | 758 | 27.8 | 358 | 9.8 | 1870 | 36.1 | 346 | 13.5 | 1987 | 32.0 | 152 | 18.8 |
  Primary | 363 | 13.3 | 258 | 7.1 | 751 | 14.5 | 293 | 11.4 | 943 | 15.2 | 140 | 17.3 |
  Secondary and higher | 1610 | 58.9 | 3025 | 83.1 | 2555 | 49.4 | 1932 | 75.1 | 3275 | 52.8 | 515 | 63.9 |
 Mother’s religion | ||||||||||||
  Hindu | 2074 | 76.0 | 2965 | 81.4 | 3885 | 75.0 | 2083 | 81.0 | 5209 | 83.9 | 380 | 47.2 |
  Muslim | 385 | 14.1 | 475 | 13.1 | 1098 | 21.2 | 342 | 13.3 | 959 | 15.5 | 269 | 33.4 |
  Christianity and others | 272 | 10.0 | 201 | 5.5 | 194 | 3.8 | 147 | 5.7 | 38 | 0.6 | 156 | 19.4 |
 Type of caste or tribe | ||||||||||||
  Scheduled caste | 718 | 26.3 | 841 | 23.1 | 1139 | 22.0 | 355 | 13.8 | 1408 | 22.7 | 67 | 8.3 |
  Scheduled tribe | 266 | 9.7 | 235 | 6.4 | 611 | 11.8 | 430 | 16.7 | 673 | 10.8 | 215 | 26.6 |
  Other backward class | 983 | 36.0 | 20 | 55.5 | 2179 | 42.1 | 836 | 32.5 | 3065 | 49.4 | 167 | 20.7 |
  Others | 764 | 28.0 | 20 | 15.0 | 1248 | 24.1 | 951 | 37.0 | 1060 | 17.1 | 357 | 44.4 |
Family/household characteristics | ||||||||||||
 Marital status | ||||||||||||
  Currently married | 2721 | 99.7 | 3637 | 99.9 | 5153 | 99.7 | 2555 | 99.4 | 6172 | 99.5 | 799 | 99.3 |
  Formerly married (divorced/separated/ widowed) | 7 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.1 | 16 | 0.3 | 14 | 0.6 | 29 | 0.5 | 5 | 0.7 |
 Household wealth index | ||||||||||||
  Poor | 755 | 27.7 | 798 | 21.9 | 3826 | 73.9 | 732 | 28.5 | 3391 | 54.7 | 524 | 65.0 |
  Middle | 498 | 18.2 | 1025 | 28.1 | 746 | 14.4 | 587 | 22.8 | 1150 | 18.5 | 157 | 19.5 |
  Rich | 1478 | 54.1 | 1819 | 50.0 | 605 | 11.7 | 1253 | 48.7 | 1664 | 26.8 | 125 | 15.5 |
Health service characteristics | ||||||||||||
 Antenatal clinic visits | ||||||||||||
  None | 308 | 11.3 | 263 | 7.2 | 1364 | 26.4 | 243 | 9.5 | 1037 | 16.7 | 112 | 13.9 |
  1–3 | 1006 | 36.8 | 455 | 12.5 | 1821 | 35.2 | 448 | 17.4 | 2988 | 48.2 | 304 | 37.7 |
  4+ | 1418 | 51.9 | 2923 | 80.3 | 1992 | 38.5 | 1880 | 73.1 | 2181 | 35.1 | 390 | 48.4 |
 Place of delivery | ||||||||||||
  Home | 300 | 11.0 | 109 | 3.0 | 1401 | 27.1 | 185 | 7.2 | 1412 | 22.8 | 239 | 29.6 |
  Health facility | 2431 | 89.0 | 3532 | 97.0 | 3775 | 72.9 | 2387 | 92.8 | 4793 | 77.2 | 567 | 70.4 |
 Type of delivery assistance | ||||||||||||
  Health professional | 2239 | 82.3 | 3244 | 89.2 | 3154 | 61.4 | 2060 | 80.6 | 3645 | 59.1 | 556 | 70.6 |
  Traditional birth attendants | 182 | 6.7 | 78 | 2.2 | 832 | 16.2 | 84 | 3.3 | 760 | 12.3 | 83 | 10.5 |
  Other untrained personnel | 300 | 11.0 | 316 | 8.7 | 1150 | 22.4 | 413 | 16.2 | 1765 | 28.6 | 149 | 18.9 |
 Mode of delivery | ||||||||||||
  Vaginal | 2291 | 83.9 | 2121 | 58.3 | 4497 | 86.9 | 1984 | 77.2 | 5488 | 88.4 | 667 | 82.8 |
  Caesarean | 440 | 16.1 | 1520 | 41.8 | 680 | 13.1 | 588 | 22.9 | 718 | 11.6 | 138 | 17.2 |
Community-level factor | ||||||||||||
 Residence | ||||||||||||
  Urban | 878 | 32.2 | 1388 | 38.1 | 760 | 14.7 | 10,651 | 41.3 | 1350 | 21.8 | 111 | 13.7 |
  Rural | 1853 | 67.8 | 2253 | 61.9 | 4417 | 85.3 | 1510 | 58.7 | 4856 | 78.3 | 695 | 86.3 |