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Table 4 Determinants of pre-lacteal feeding among infants in Nepal, 2013a,b,c

From: Determinants of infant breastfeeding practices in Nepal: a national study

Determinants

n

Fed prelacteal feeds (%)

Model 1 (Unadjusted PR)

PR (95% CI)

Model 3d (Adjusted PR)

APR (95% CI)

Overall

1006

329 (32.7)

  

Child factors

 Child’s gender

  Male

537

177(33.0)

1.00

–

  Female

469

152(32.4)

1.03 (0.89–1.19)

 

 Child’s birth order

  First born

534

205 (38.4)

1.00

1.00

  Second or later born

472

124 (26.3)

0.65 (0.53–0.81)**

0.72 (0.60,0.86)**

 Breastfed within one hour of birth

  No

582

251 (43.1)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

421

78 (18.5)

0.46(0.34,0.62)**

0.5 (0.37,0.67)**

 Child fed colostrum

  No

164

74 (45.1)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

839

255 (30.4)

0.78 (0.63,0.96)*

0.78 (0.65,0.93)*

 Predominant breastfeeding (Infant < 6 mo)

  No

195

104 (53.3)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

257

43 (16.7)

0.49 (0.34,0.71)**

0.51 (0.36,0.72)**

Maternal factors

 Mother’s education

  None

477

156 (32.7)

1.00

1.00

  Some primary

135

46 (34.1)

1.06 (0.84–1.33)

0.92 (0.72–1.17)

  Secondary and above

393

126 (32.1)

1.15 (0.91–1.46)

0.90 (0.70–1.15)

 Visit by FCHVs for ANC

  No

906

285 (31.5)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

100

44 (44.0)

1.17 (0.92–1.50)

1.14 (0.87–1.50)

 Visit by more highly trained healthcare providerse for ANC

  No

967

308 (31.9)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

39

21 (53.9)

1.28 (0.90–1.81)

1.43 (1.11–1.84)*

Household factors

 Household wealth quintile

  1 (Poorest)

202

53 (26.2)

1.00

1.00

  2

197

71 (36)

1.30 (0.94–1.80)

1.25 (0.9–1.73)

  3

202

57 (28.2)

1.08 (0.79–1.48)

1.05 (0.75–1.47)

  4

205

65 (31.7)

1.20 (0.88–1.65)

1.07 (0.78–1.46)

  5 (Richest)

200

83 (41.5)

1.59 (1.13–2.25)*

1.45 (0.98–2.14)

 Household head’s education

  None

480

146 (30.4)

1.00

1.00

  Some primary

189

71 (37.6)

1.27 (1.01,1.59)*

1.19 (0.92–1.52)

  Secondary and above

337

112 (33.2)

1.24 (0.99–1.55)

1.17 (0.92–1.48)

 Cultivable land size (in Ha)

  Landless (< 0.1)

421

121 (28.7)

1.00

1.00

  Small size (≥  0.1 & < 0.5)

259

81 (31.3)

1.20 (0.98–1.47)

1.18 (0.97–1.43)

  Large size (≥ 0.5)

326

127 (39)

1.26 (1.00–1.58)

1.21 (0.96–1.52)

Contextual factors

 Agro-ecological zones

  Mountain

160

23 (14.4)

–

1.00

  Hill

257

67 (26.1)

 

1.49 (0.83–2.65)

  Terai

589

239 (40.6)

 

2.72

(1.67–4.45)**

  1. aFor interpretation purposes, a PR > 1 indicates that prelacteal feeding was more likely and PR < 1 indicates that prelacteal feeding was less likely
  2. b*P-value < 0.05, **P-value < 0.001
  3. c(Model 2 shown in Additional file 3)
  4. dModel 3 included mother’s education and visit by FCHVs for ANC as a priori covariates plus all variables that were significant (p < 0.2) in the first set of multivariable models
  5. e“more highly trained healthcare providers” includes government health workers (MCHW/VHW, HA/AHW, Nurse/Midwife), doctors/pharmacists and NGO health workers
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358