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Table 3 Determinants of feeding colostrum among infants in Nepal, 2013a,b,c

From: Determinants of infant breastfeeding practices in Nepal: a national study

Determinants

n

Fed colostrum,

n (%)

Model 1

(Unadjusted PR)

PR (95% CI)

Model 3d

(Adjusted PR)

APR (95% CI)

Overall

1011

844 (83.5)

  

Child factors

 Child’s gender

  Male

541

448(82.8)

1.00

  Female

470

396(84.3)

1.01 (0.96–1.06)

 

 Child’s birth order

  First born

538

455 (84.6)

1.00

  Second or later born

473

389 (82.2)

0.99 (0.93–1.06)

 

 Breastfed within one hour of birth

  No

588

475 (80.8)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

423

369 (87.2)

1.07 (1.01,1.13)*

1.06(1.01,1.11)*

 Child fed prelacteal feeds

  No

674

584 (86.7)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

329

255 (77.5)

0.92 (0.84,1.00)*

0.92(0.86,0.99)*

 Predominant breastfeeding (Infant < 6 mo)

  No

196

166 (84.7)

1.00

  Yes

260

217 (83.5)

1.00 (0.94,1.05)

 

Maternal factors

 Mother’s education

  None

479

373 (77.9)

1.00

1.00

  Some primary

135

115 (85.2)

1.08 (1–1.17)

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

  Secondary and above

396

355 (89.7)

1.12 (1.06–1.19)**

1.04 (0.97–1.12)

 Mother’s age (in years)

  15–19.9

149

113 (75.8)

1.00

1.00

  20–29.9

697

595 (85.4)

1.12 (1.02–1.23)*

1.09 (1.00–1.19)*

  ≥ 30

165

136 (82.4)

1.05 (0.93–1.19)

1.07 (0.94–1.22)

 Visit by FCHVs for ANC

  No

909

760 (83.6)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

102

84 (82.4)

1.01 (0.91–1.13)

1 (0.91–1.11)

 Visit by more highly trained healthcare providerse for ANC

  No

972

816 (84.0)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

39

28 (71.8)

0.91 (0.8–1.02)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

 Visit to health facilities for ANC

  No

388

308 (79.4)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

623

536 (86.0)

1.08 (1.00–1.17)

1.07 (0.98–1.16)

 Maternal knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to 6 months of age

  No

368

285 (77.5)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

643

559 (86.9)

1.08 (1.02–1.15)*

1.04 (0.98–1.09)

 Women’s empowerment (scale: 0–14, Md = 5)

  ≤  8 (less empowered)

826

677 (82.0)

1.00

1.00

  ≥  9 (more empowered)

185

167 (90.3)

1.07 (1.00–1.14)*

1.08 (1.01–1.15)*

 Had abortions in lifetime

  No

972

806 (82.9)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

39

38 (97.4)

1.12 (1.06–1.19)**

1.10 (1.02–1.17)*

 Had miscarriage/stillbirths in lifetime

  No

847

713 (84.2)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

164

131 (79.9)

0.94 (0.88–1.00)

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

Household factors

 Household head’s education

  None

484

381 (78.7)

1.00

1.00

  Some primary

189

159 (84.1)

1.06 (0.98–1.14)

1.01 (0.94–1.09)

  Secondary and above

338

304 (89.9)

1.12 (1.07–1.17)**

1.05 (1.00–1.10)

 Household wealth quintile

  1 (Poorest)

202

158 (78.2)

1.00

1.00

  2

198

156 (78.8)

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

1 (0.90–1.1)

  3

204

162 (79.4)

1.02 (0.94–1.10)

0.97 (0.90–1.06)

  4

204

183 (89.7)

1.17 (1.08–1.26)**

1.09 (1.01–1.19)*

  5 (Richest)

203

185 (91.1)

1.17 (1.10–1.25)**

1.08 (1.00–1.18)

 Occupation of household head

  Unemployede

122

107 (87.7)

1.00

1.00

  Wage employment

190

152 (80)

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

0.96 (0.89–1.05)

  Business/self-employment

210

176 (83.8)

0.97 (0.90–1.05)

0.94 (0.88–1.00)

  Salaried worker

101

88 (87.1)

0.98 (0.91–1.06)

0.91 (0.84–0.98)*

  Agriculture

387

320 (82.7)

0.94 (0.88–1.02)

0.91 (0.84–0.98)*

 Cultivable land size (in Ha)

  Landless (<  0.1)

421

343 (81.5)

1.00

1.00

  Small size (≥  0.1 & <  0.5)

260

216 (83.1)

1 (0.93–1.08)

1.06 (0.99–1.15)

  Large size (≥  0.5)

330

285 (86.4)

1.07 (1.01–1.14)*

1.12 (1.05–1.19)**

Contextual factors

 Agro-ecological zones

  Mountain

158

144 (91.1)

1.00

  Hill

256

231 (90.2)

 

0.99 (0.93–1.05)

  Terai

597

469 (78.6)

 

0.9 (0.83–0.97)*

 Ward infrastructure is more developed

  No

502

394 (78.5)

1.00

1.00

  Yes

509

450 (88.4)

1.09 (1.00–1.18)*

1.04 (0.96–1.13)

  1. aPrevalence ratio: a PR > 1 indicates feeding of colostrum is more likely and PR < 1 indicates that feeding of colostrum is less likely
  2. b*P-value < 0.05, **P-value < 0.001
  3. c(Model 2 shown in Additional file 2)
  4. dModel 3 included mother’s education and visit by FCHVs for ANC as a priori covariates plus all variables that were significant (p < 0.2) in the first set of multivariable models
  5. e“more highly trained healthcare providers” includes government health workers (MCHW/VHW, HA/AHW, Nurse/Midwife), doctors/pharmacists and NGO health workers. “Unemployed” includes student, non-earning occupation as well as non-working