From: Determinants of infant breastfeeding practices in Nepal: a national study
Determinants | n | Fed colostrum, n (%) | Model 1 (Unadjusted PR) PR (95% CI) | Model 3d (Adjusted PR) APR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 1011 | 844 (83.5) | ||
Child factors | ||||
Child’s gender | ||||
Male | 541 | 448(82.8) | 1.00 | – |
Female | 470 | 396(84.3) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | |
Child’s birth order | ||||
First born | 538 | 455 (84.6) | 1.00 | – |
Second or later born | 473 | 389 (82.2) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | |
Breastfed within one hour of birth | ||||
No | 588 | 475 (80.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 423 | 369 (87.2) | 1.07 (1.01,1.13)* | 1.06(1.01,1.11)* |
Child fed prelacteal feeds | ||||
No | 674 | 584 (86.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 329 | 255 (77.5) | 0.92 (0.84,1.00)* | 0.92(0.86,0.99)* |
Predominant breastfeeding (Infant < 6 mo) | ||||
No | 196 | 166 (84.7) | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 260 | 217 (83.5) | 1.00 (0.94,1.05) | |
Maternal factors | ||||
Mother’s education | ||||
None | 479 | 373 (77.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some primary | 135 | 115 (85.2) | 1.08 (1–1.17) | 1.05 (0.96–1.14) |
Secondary and above | 396 | 355 (89.7) | 1.12 (1.06–1.19)** | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) |
Mother’s age (in years) | ||||
15–19.9 | 149 | 113 (75.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–29.9 | 697 | 595 (85.4) | 1.12 (1.02–1.23)* | 1.09 (1.00–1.19)* |
≥ 30 | 165 | 136 (82.4) | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) |
Visit by FCHVs for ANC | ||||
No | 909 | 760 (83.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 102 | 84 (82.4) | 1.01 (0.91–1.13) | 1 (0.91–1.11) |
Visit by more highly trained healthcare providerse for ANC | ||||
No | 972 | 816 (84.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 39 | 28 (71.8) | 0.91 (0.8–1.02) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) |
Visit to health facilities for ANC | ||||
No | 388 | 308 (79.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 623 | 536 (86.0) | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) |
Maternal knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to 6 months of age | ||||
No | 368 | 285 (77.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 643 | 559 (86.9) | 1.08 (1.02–1.15)* | 1.04 (0.98–1.09) |
Women’s empowerment (scale: 0–14, Md = 5) | ||||
≤ 8 (less empowered) | 826 | 677 (82.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥ 9 (more empowered) | 185 | 167 (90.3) | 1.07 (1.00–1.14)* | 1.08 (1.01–1.15)* |
Had abortions in lifetime | ||||
No | 972 | 806 (82.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 39 | 38 (97.4) | 1.12 (1.06–1.19)** | 1.10 (1.02–1.17)* |
Had miscarriage/stillbirths in lifetime | ||||
No | 847 | 713 (84.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 164 | 131 (79.9) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) |
Household factors | ||||
Household head’s education | ||||
None | 484 | 381 (78.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some primary | 189 | 159 (84.1) | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | 1.01 (0.94–1.09) |
Secondary and above | 338 | 304 (89.9) | 1.12 (1.07–1.17)** | 1.05 (1.00–1.10) |
Household wealth quintile | ||||
1 (Poorest) | 202 | 158 (78.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 | 198 | 156 (78.8) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 1 (0.90–1.1) |
3 | 204 | 162 (79.4) | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.97 (0.90–1.06) |
4 | 204 | 183 (89.7) | 1.17 (1.08–1.26)** | 1.09 (1.01–1.19)* |
5 (Richest) | 203 | 185 (91.1) | 1.17 (1.10–1.25)** | 1.08 (1.00–1.18) |
Occupation of household head | ||||
Unemployede | 122 | 107 (87.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Wage employment | 190 | 152 (80) | 0.94 (0.86–1.03) | 0.96 (0.89–1.05) |
Business/self-employment | 210 | 176 (83.8) | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00) |
Salaried worker | 101 | 88 (87.1) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98)* |
Agriculture | 387 | 320 (82.7) | 0.94 (0.88–1.02) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98)* |
Cultivable land size (in Ha) | ||||
Landless (< 0.1) | 421 | 343 (81.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Small size (≥ 0.1 & < 0.5) | 260 | 216 (83.1) | 1 (0.93–1.08) | 1.06 (0.99–1.15) |
Large size (≥ 0.5) | 330 | 285 (86.4) | 1.07 (1.01–1.14)* | 1.12 (1.05–1.19)** |
Contextual factors | ||||
Agro-ecological zones | ||||
Mountain | 158 | 144 (91.1) | – | 1.00 |
Hill | 256 | 231 (90.2) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | |
Terai | 597 | 469 (78.6) | 0.9 (0.83–0.97)* | |
Ward infrastructure is more developed | ||||
No | 502 | 394 (78.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 509 | 450 (88.4) | 1.09 (1.00–1.18)* | 1.04 (0.96–1.13) |