Table 2 Determinants of breastfeeding within one hour of birth among infants in Nepal, 2013a,b,c
From: Determinants of infant breastfeeding practices in Nepal: a national study
Determinants | n (%) | Breastfed within an hour n (%) | Model 1 (Unadjusted PR) PR (95% CI) | Model 3d (Adjusted PR) APR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 1011 (100) | 423 (41.8) | ||
Child factors | ||||
Child’s gender | ||||
Male | 541 (53.5) | 222(41.0) | 1.00 | – |
Female | 470 (46.5) | 201(42.8) | 1.03 (0.91–1.18) | |
Child’s birth order | ||||
First born | 538 (53.2) | 210 (39.0) | 1.00 | – |
Second or later born | 473 (46.8) | 213 (45.0) | 1.18 (1.00,1.38)* | |
Child fed colostrum | ||||
No | 167 (16.5) | 54 (32.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 844 (83.5) | 369 (43.7) | 1.32 (1.07,1.64)* | 1.26 (1.04,1.54)* |
Child fed prelacteal feeds | ||||
No | 677 (67.3) | 343 (50.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 329 (32.7) | 78 (23.7) | 0.47 (0.35,0.63)** | 0.49 (0.36,0.66)** |
Predominant breastfeeding (Infant < 6 mo) | ||||
No | 196 (42.8) | 75 (38.3) | 1.00 | – |
Yes | 262 (57.2) | 130 (50.0) | 1.33 (1.01,1.74)* | |
Maternal factors | ||||
Mother’s education | ||||
None | 479 (47.4) | 200 (41.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Some primary | 135 (13.4) | 53 (39.3) | 0.93 (0.72,1.2) | 0.91 (0.70–1.19) |
Secondary and above | 396 (39.2) | 170 (42.9) | 1.00 (0.87,1.16) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) |
Mother’s age (in years) | ||||
15–19.9 | 149 (14.7) | 68 (45.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
20–29.9 | 697 (68.9) | 299 (42.9) | 0.93 (0.79,1.09) | 0.81 (0.68–0.95)* |
≥ 30 | 165 (16.3) | 56 (33.9) | 0.72 (0.53,0.97)* | 0.61 (0.43–0.87)* |
Mother’s occupation | ||||
Unemployed | 773 (76.5) | 305 (39.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Agriculture | 136 (13.5) | 72 (52.9) | 1.31 (1.04,1.64)* | 1.28 (1.02–1.60)* |
Other employmente | 102 (10.1) | 46 (45.1) | 1.10 (0.85,1.43) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) |
Visit by FCHVs for ANC | ||||
No | 909 (89.9) | 382 (42) | 1.00 | |
Yes | 102 (10.1) | 41 (40.2) | 0.98 (0.78,1.24) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) |
Visit by FCHVs for postnatal care | ||||
No | 903 (89.3) | 371 (41.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 108 (10.7) | 52 (48.2) | 1.17 (0.94,1.45) | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) |
Visit by more highly trained healthcare providerse for postnatal care | ||||
No | 959 (94.9) | 408 (42.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 52 (5.1) | 15 (28.9) | 0.69 (0.49,0.99)* | 0.72 (0.49–1.05) |
Maternal knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding for infants up to 6 months of age | ||||
No | 368 (36.4) | 136 (37) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 643 (63.6) | 287 (44.6) | 1.17 (0.97,1.41) | 1.19 (0.99–1.44) |
Number of live births given | ||||
1 | 380 (37.7) | 149 (39.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
> = 2 | 629 (62.3) | 274 (43.6) | 1.12 (0.96,1.30) | 1.11 (0.85–1.43) |
Household factors | ||||
Ethnicity/Caste | ||||
Upper caste | 216 (21.4) | 104 (48.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Disadvantaged non-dalit Terai caste | 341 (33.7) | 137 (40.2) | 0.95 (0.76,1.20) | 1.02 (0.81–1.27) |
Janajatis | 227 (22.5) | 87 (38.3) | 0.83 (0.67,1.04) | 0.91 (0.73–1.14) |
Lower castee | 227 (22.5) | 95 (41.9) | 0.93 (0.74,1.17) | 0.95 (0.76–1.19) |
Household wealth quintile | ||||
1 (Poorest) | 202 (20) | 89 (44.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2 | 198 (19.6) | 79 (39.9) | 0.92 (0.73,1.14) | 0.94 (0.75–1.18) |
3 | 204 (20.2) | 93 (45.6) | 1.03 (0.8,1.33) | 1.07 (0.82–1.38) |
4 | 204 (20.2) | 93 (45.6) | 1.05 (0.82,1.34) | 1.07 (0.79–1.45) |
5 (Richest) | 203 (20.1) | 69 (34.0) | 0.77 (0.57,1.06) | 0.79 (0.55–1.12) |
Occupation of household head | ||||
Unemployede | 122 (12.1) | 51 (41.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Wage employment | 190 (18.8) | 83 (43.7) | 1.07 (0.83,1.39) | 1.03 (0.81–1.33) |
Business/self-employment | 210 (20.8) | 72 (34.3) | 0.82 (0.58,1.17) | 0.80 (0.57–1.13) |
Salaried worker | 101 (10) | 57 (56.4) | 1.32 (1.01,1.73)* | 1.27 (0.94–1.71) |
Agriculture | 387 (38.3) | 160 (41.3) | 0.99 (0.73,1.34) | 0.88 (0.65–1.19) |
Contextual factors | ||||
Agro-ecological zones | ||||
Mountain | 158 (15.6) | 77(48.7) | – | 1.00 |
Hill | 256 (25.3) | 111(43.4) | 1.00 (0.79–1.26) | |
Terai | 597 (59.1) | 235(39.4) | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | |