Characteristics | Yes (n = 364) | No (n = 3884) | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Frequency (%) | n | Frequency (%) | OR | (95% CI) | p | OR | (95% CI) | p | |
Household wealth (Ref: 1st quintile) | 364 | 3883 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||
2nd quintile | 41 (11) | 269 (7) | 0.50 | (0.24, 1.10) | 0.71 | (0.32, 1.65) | ||||
3rd quintile | 194 (53) | 1463 (38) | 0.43 | (0.22, 0.91) | 0.68 | (0.33, 1.50) | ||||
4th quintile | 58 (16) | 863 (22) | 0.22 | (0.11, 0.47) | 0.38 | (0.18, 0.88) | ||||
5th quintile | 60 (16) | 1252 (32) | 0.16 | (0.08, 0.34) | 0.29 | (0.14, 0.68) | ||||
Mother | ||||||||||
Primiparous | 364 | 176 (48) | 3883 | 2195 (57) | 0.72 | (0.58, 0.89) | 0.003 | 0.86 | (0.66, 1.12) | 0.258 |
Age a (years) | 364 | 28 (24, 32) | 3881 | 28 (24, 32) | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.02) | 0.875 | 1.04 | (1.01, 1.06) | 0.003 |
Ethnic (Ref: Kinh) | 364 | 3883 | 0.036 | 0.109 | ||||||
Chinese | 11 (3) | 235 (6) | 0.48 | (0.25, 0.85) | 0.53 | (0.26, 0.98) | ||||
Other | 5 (1) | 48 (1) | 1.08 | (0.37, 2.48) | 0.74 | (0.24, 1.88) | ||||
High education | 364 | 114 (31) | 3883 | 1578 (41) | 0.67 | (0.53, 0.84) | < 0.001 | 1.09 | (0.81, 1.46) | 0.574 |
Currently married | 364 | 344 (95) | 3883 | 3827 (99) | 0.25 | (0.15, 0.43) | < 0.001 | 0.23 | (0.11, 0.50) | < 0.001 |
In-paid employment mother | 364 | 208 (57) | 3883 | 2529 (65) | 0.71 | (0.57, 0.89) | 0.003 | 0.81 | (0.64, 1.04) | 0.096 |
Living with others | 364 | 344 (95) | 3883 | 3751 (97) | 0.61 | (0.38, 1.01) | 0.054 | 1.35 | (0.70, 2.84) | 0.386 |
Complication during pregnancy | 364 | 49 (13) | 3884 | 901 (23) | 0.52 | (0.37, 0.70) | < 0.001 | 0.53 | (0.38, 0.74) | < 0.001 |
HIV and/or Hepatitis B infection | 364 | 16 (4) | 3884 | 274 (7) | 0.61 | (0.35, 0.98) | 0.042 | 0.53 | (0.30, 0.87) | 0.011 |
Father | ||||||||||
Ethnic (Ref: Kinh) | 363 | 3879 | 0.006 | 0.095 | ||||||
Chinese | 27 (7) | 374 (10) | 0.77 | (0.50, 1.14) | 0.94 | (0.60, 1.44) | ||||
Other | 12 (3) | 45 (1) | 2.85 | (1.43, 5.26) | 2.36 | (1.08, 4.84) | ||||
High education | 363 | 145 (40) | 3879 | 1786 (46) | 0.78 | (0.63, 0.97) | 0.025 | 1.25 | (0.94, 1.64) | 0.120 |
In-paid employment father | 363 | 359 (99) | 3879 | 3851 (99) | 0.65 | (0.25, 2.21) | 0.451 | 0.86 | (0.29, 3.17) | 0.796 |
Infant | ||||||||||
Premature at birth | 364 | 7 (2) | 3884 | 142 (4) | 0.52 | (0.22, 1.03) | 0.063 | 0.37 | (0.15, 0.81) | 0.011 |
Male | 364 | 187 (51) | 3884 | 2061 (53) | 0.93 | (0.75, 1.16) | 0.537 | 0.93 | (0.74, 1.16) | 0.510 |
Caesarean section | 364 | 19 (5) | 3884 | 1696 (44) | 0.07 | (0.04, 0.11) | < 0.001 | 0.07 | (0.04, 0.11) | < 0.001 |
Low birthweight | 364 | 23 (6) | 3884 | 176 (5) | 1.42 | (0.89, 2.18) | 0.140 | 2.02 | (1.18, 3.33) | 0.011 |
Neonatal complication at birth | 364 | 5 (1) | 3884 | 213 (5) | 0.24 | (0.09, 0.53) | < 0.001 | 0.20 | (0.07, 0.47) | < 0.001 |