Table 1 The characteristics of the study participants
Characteristic | Total (n = 6706) | Urban (n = 4248) | Semi-rural (n = 2458) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Frequency (%) | n | Frequency (%) | n | Frequency (%) | |
Household income | 6702 | 4247 | 2455 | |||
1st quintile (lowest) | 1338 (20) | 47 (1) | 1291 (53) | |||
2nd quintile | 1418 (21) | 310 (7) | 1108 (45) | |||
3rd quintile | 1713 (26) | 1657 (39) | 56 (2) | |||
4th quintile | 921 (14) | 921 (22) | 0 (0) | |||
5th quintile (highest) | 1312 (20) | 1312 (31) | 0 (0) | |||
Mother | ||||||
Primiparous | 6702 | 3863 (58) | 4247 | 2371 (56) | 2455 | 1492 (61) |
Age a (years) | 6702 | 27 (23, 31) | 4245 | 28 (24, 32) | 2457 | 25 (21, 29) |
Ethnic | 6701 | 4247 | 2454 | |||
Kinh | 6397 (95) | 3948 (93) | 2449 (99) | |||
Chinese | 246 (4) | 246 (6) | 0 (0) | |||
Other | 58 (1) | 53 (1) | 5 (< 1) | |||
High education | 6702 | 2253 (34) | 4247 | 1692 (40) | 2455 | 561 (23) |
Currently married | 6702 | 6611 (99) | 4247 | 4171 (98) | 2455 | 2440 (99) |
In-paid employment mother | 6702 | 4425 (66) | 4247 | 2737 (64) | 2455 | 1688 (69) |
Living with others | 6699 | 6529 (97) | 4247 | 4095 (96) | 2452 | 2434 (99) |
Complication during pregnancy | 6706 | 1259 (19) | 4248 | 950 (22) | 2458 | 309 (13) |
HIV and/or Hepatitis B infection | 6706 | 313 (5) | 4248 | 290 (7) | 2458 | 23 (1) |
Father | ||||||
Ethnic | 6695 | 4242 | 2453 | |||
Kinh | 6232 (93) | 3784 (89) | 2448 (99) | |||
Chinese | 401 (6) | 401 (9) | 0 (0) | |||
Other | 62 (1) | 57 (1) | 5 (< 1) | |||
High education | 6696 | 2629 (39) | 4242 | 1931 (46) | 2454 | 698 (28) |
In-paid employment father | 6696 | 6659 (99) | 4242 | 4210 (99) | 2454 | 2449 (100) |
Infant | ||||||
Premature at birth | 6706 | 199 (3) | 4248 | 149 (4) | 2458 | 50 (2) |
Male | 6706 | 3503 (52) | 4248 | 2248 (53) | 2458 | 1255 (51) |
Caesarean section | 6706 | 1877 (28) | 4248 | 1715 (40) | 2458 | 162 (7) |
Low birthweight | 6706 | 309 (5) | 4248 | 199 (5) | 2458 | 110 (4) |
Neonatal complication at birth | 6706 | 275 (4) | 4248 | 218 (5) | 2458 | 57 (2) |