Table 2 Risks of neonatal mortality according to time of initiation of breastfeeding, community level, household level, maternal and child level variables, IHDS-2, 2011–12
From: Impact of timing of breastfeeding initiation on neonatal mortality in India
Variables | Model I, OR (95% CI) | Model II, OR (95% CI) | Model III, OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Initiation of breastfeeding | |||
Early® | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Delayed | 3.54 (2.34, 5.38)** | 3.49 (2.29, 5.33)** | 2.93 (1.89, 4.53)** |
Community level factors | |||
Interstate region | |||
North® | 1 | 1 | |
West | – | 0.60 (0.42, 0.86)* | 0.61 (0.41, 0.89)* |
South | – | 0.48 (0.30, 0.75)** | 0.29 (0.16, 0.53)** |
Central | – | 0.92 (0.66, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.72, 1.44) |
East | – | 1.22 (0.93, 1.60) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.49) |
Place of residence | |||
Rural® | – | 1 | 1 |
Urban | – | 0.77 (0.58, 1.03) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) |
Household level factors | |||
Religion | |||
Hindu® | – | 1 | 1 |
Muslims | – | 1.128 (0.83, 1.53) | 0.88 (0.61, 1.26) |
Others | – | 0.93 (0.54, 1.62) | 1.21 (0.69, 2.13) |
Caste | |||
General® | – | 1 | 1 |
OBC | – | 1.13 (0.83, 1.52) | 1.36 (0.95, 1.92) |
ST/SC | – | 1.31 (0.94, 1.81) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.12) |
Wealth quintile | |||
Poorest | – | 1 | 1 |
Poorer | – | 0.71 (0.52, 0.99) | 0.86 (0.60, 1.23) |
Middle | – | 0.87 (0.64, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.72, 1.45) |
Richer | – | 0.76 (0.55, 1.07) | 0.89 (0.62, 1.29) |
Richest | – | 0.52 (0.35, 0.77)** | 0.67 (0.44, 1.04) |
Maternal level factors | |||
Mother’s age | |||
15–24® | – | – | 1 |
25–34 | – | – | 0.54 (0.39, 0.76)** |
35+ | – | – | 0.51 (0.33, 0.97)* |
Women’s education | |||
No education® | – | – | 1 |
Primary | – | – | 0.46 (0.23, 0.91)* |
Secondary | – | – | 0.97 (0.73, 1.29) |
Higher | – | – | 0.55 (0.31, 0.99)* |
BMI | |||
Underweight® | – | – | 1 |
Normal | – | – | 0.89 (0.68, 1.16) |
Overweight | – | – | 1.37 (0.91, 2.06) |
Obese | – | – | 1.73 (0.90, 3.30) |
Infant level factors | |||
Birth size | |||
Large® | – | – | 1 |
Average | – | – | 0.92 (0.57, 1.47) |
Small | – | – | 1.45 (0.86, 2.43) |
Very Small | – | – | 3.27(1.69, 6.34)** |
Birth order | |||
1st order® | – | – | 1 |
2–4 order | – | – | 0.46 (0.32, 0.67)** |
5+ order | – | – | 0.71 (0.45, 1.14) |
Sex of the child | |||
Boy® | – | – | 1 |
Girl | – | – | 0.74 (0.59, 0.94)* |