Skip to main content

Table 4 Maternal characteristics as risk factors for different modes of feeding

From: Infant feeding pattern in the first six months of age in USA: a follow-up study

Risk Factors

Direct breastfeeding 6617 observations in 1364mothers

Feeding of pumped breast milk 6617 observations in 1364 mothers

Formula feeding 6617 observations in 1364 mothers

Feeding of solid foods 6725 observations in 1899 mothers

RR (95% CI)

p-value§

RR (95% CI)

p-value§

RR (95% CI)

p-value§

RR (95% CI)

p-value§

Age (years)

18-24

0.82 (0.70-0.96)

0.049

0.83 (0.66-1.01)

0.20

1.19 (1.07-1.33)

0.005

1.00 (0.92-1.11)

0.93

(reference: 25-34)

> 34

1.03 (0.93-1.15)

0.70

1.01 (0.87-1.17)

0.97

0.99 (0.87-1.13)

0.96

1.05 (0.97-1.15)

0.47

Race

Black

0.84 (0.61-1.16)

0.43

1.01 (0.70-1.48)

0.97

1.02 (0.87-1.19)

0.93

1.12 (0.93-1.36)

0.47

White (ref)

Hispanic

0.85 (0.69-1.04)

0.22

1.17 (0.94-1.46)

0.29

1.14 (1.01-1.29)

0.07

0.95 (0.83-1.08)

0.56

 

Other

1.0 (0.84-1.19)

0.98

1.00 (0.78-1.29)

0.97

0.99 (0.84-1.19)

0.99

0.96 (0.82-1.12)

0.68

Region

Northeast

0.78 (0.68-0.90)

0.007

0.91 (0.75-1.11)

0.50

1.40 (1.19-1.64)

0.0003

1.12 (1.02-1.23)

0.11

West (reference)

Midwest

0.90 (0.81-1.01)

0.17

1.06 (0.91-1.25)

0.60

1.37 (1.20-1.59)

0.0002

1.09 (1.00-1.19)

0.24

 

South

0.83 (0.73-0.92)

0.007

0.99 (0.84-1.17)

0.97

1.35 (1.17-1.55)

0.0003

1.15 (1.05-1.26)

0.02

Education

High school or less

0.81 (0.71-0.94)

0.034

0.80 (0.65-0.97)

0.15

1.33 (1.21-1.48)

0.0002

1.17 (1.08-1.28)

0.003

College (reference)

Poverty (% of poverty level)

185%-349%

1.02 (0.92-1.14)

0.75

1.21 (1.02-1.43)

0.14

0.95 (0.85-1.05)

0.41

1.05 (0.97-1.14)

0.47

> 350%

0.98 (0.86-1.12)

0.81

1.30 (1.08-1.58)

0.12

1.01 (0.90-1.15)

0.93

0.93 (0.84-1.03)

0.47

(< 185%: reference)

Employment status

Full-time

1.66 (0.89-3.11)

0.22

1.65 (0.94-2.88)

0.20

1.25 (1.11-1.41)

0.0007

0.99 (0.74-1.31)

0.97

(Homemaker: reference)

Part-time

1.74 (0.93-3.28)

0.20

1.60 (0.90-2.84)

0.24

1.13 (0.98-1.30)

0.16

0.91 (0.68-1.22)

0.65

Unemployed

0.97 (0.80-1.19)

0.81

1.21 (0.90-1.63)

0.34

1.25 (1.09-1.44)

0.0046

1.00 (0.85-1.18)

0.98

Employmenta (Administrative work: reference)

Production /Farm

1.18 (1.01-1.38)

0.12

0.97 (0.79-1.20)

0.97

0.87 (0.72-1.05)

0.19

0.94 (0.83-1.08)

0.56

Sales, Service

0.93 (0.79-1.10)

0.54

0.82 (0.66-0.99)

0.20

1.02 (0.90-1.17)

0.73

1.04 (0.95-1.15)

0.56

not employed

1.91 (1.03-3.55)

0.12

1.21 (0.70-2.09)

0.62

0.80 (0.72-0.88)

0.002

0.86 (0.65-1.14)

0.47

Smoking statusb

Yes

0.55 (0.41-0.73)

0.0008

0.75 (0.55-1.03)

0.20

1.60 (1.43-1.70)

0.002

1.20 (1.08-1.33)

0.009

Health insurancec

No

0.93 (0.77-1.13)

0.60

0.85 (0.70-1.03)

0.5

1.19 (0.94-1.51)

0.21

1.11 (0.93-1.31)

0.47

WIC statusb

Yes

0.84 (0.74-0.96)

0.047

0.81 (0.62-1.02)

0.20

1.20 (1.08-1.33)

0.053

1.09 (1.01-1.19)

0.18

Marital Statusc

No

0.89 (0.76-1.05)

0.30

0.86 (0.70-1.04)

0.26

1.29 (0.97-1.73)

0.0032

1.05 (0.96-1.15)

0.47

Parity (2 or more children: reference)

0

0.92 (0.81-1.06)

0.36

1.27 (1.06-1.53)

0.12

1.23 (1.08-1.42)

0.007

1.04 (0.94-1.14)

0.60

1

0.94 (0.85-1.03)

0.37

1.11(0.95-1.30)

0.32

1.17 (1.04-1.33)

0.21

1.05 (0.97-1.13)

0.47

  1. aEmployment: 1) production and farming (precision production, craft and repair, operator, fabricator and laborer, technician and related support, farming, forestry and fishing); 2) sales and services; 3) not employed; reference: administrative (professional specialty, executive, administrative and managerial, administrative support, including clerical)
  2. §p - value after adjustment for false discovery rate
  3. bNo is the reference
  4. cYes is the reference
Back to article page

International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358