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Table 4 Comparison of metabolic parameters between women with and without high-intensity breastfeeding at each postpartum visit

From: The effect of high-intensity breastfeeding on postpartum glucose tolerance in women with recent gestational diabetes

 

Women with high-intensity breastfeeding

Women without high-intensity breastfeeding

P value

Adjusted *P value

Adjusted **P value

At 6-8 weeks postpartum

 Number of participants (%)

69 (79%)

18 (21%)

   

 BMI

22.5 ± 4.3

24.4 ± 3.5

0.081

0.59

0.43

 Fasting plasma glucose

87.3 ± 9.9

92.8 ± 9.0

0.036

0.13

0.18

 Fasting insulin

5.1 ± 4.1

6.3 ± 3.0

0.24

0.85

0.67

 HOMA-IR

1.12 ± 0.97

1.45 ± 0.73

0.18

0.74

0.60

 Disposition index

3.89 ± 2.09

3.84 ± 3.05

0.94

0.21

0.81

At 6-8 months postpartum

 Number of participants (%)

52 (63%)

31 (37%)

   

 BMI

21.6 ± 3.9

24.3 ± 5.6

0.0097

0.16

0.27

 Fasting plasma glucose

91.3 ± 11.5

98.7 ± 12.5

0.0071

0.033

0.013

 Fasting insulin

5.0 ± 2.3

8.2 ± 5.0

0.0001

0.0012

0.0002

 HOMA-IR

1.16 ± 0.65

2.06 ± 1.33

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

 Disposition index

3.59 ± 3.12

3.06 ± 2.66

0.43

0.57

0.37

At 12-14 months postpartum

 Number of participants (%)

35 (46%)

42 (54%)

   

 BMI

21.8 ± 4.2

23.9 ± 5.6

0.082

0.046

0.15

 Fasting plasma glucose

91.2 ± 8.4

96.9 ± 10.9

0.013

0.045

0.032

 Fasting insulin

5.4 ± 2.7

7.7 ± 4.7

0.013

0.028

0.045

 HOMA-IR

1.24 ± 0.68

1.88 ± 1.26

0.0081

0.021

0.030

 Disposition index

3.45 ± 3.05

3.79 ± 3.61

0.65

0.45

0.98

  1. The breastfeeding condition at each visit was defined as the condition at the time of the visit. For example, breastfeeding women at the second (6 months) visit included women who had lactated for 6 months as well as (eventually) 12 months postpartum. Similarly, non-breastfeeding women at the second (6 months) visit included always non-breastfeeding women as well as women who had lactated for 6-8 weeks postpartum but did not continue to breastfeed through 6 months postpartum
  2. BMI body mass index, NS not significant, HOMA-IR homeostasis model of assessment of insulin resistance, OGTT oral glucose tolerance test
  3. *Adjusted for prepregnancy BMI and 2-h plasma glucose at the diagnostic OGTT during pregnancy
  4. **Adjusted for age, prepregnancy BMI, family history of diabetes, 2-h plasma glucose at diagnostic OGTT during pregnancy, diagnostic criteria, weight gain during pregnancy and weight change during postpartum