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Table 2 Factors associated with providing prelacteal feeds in Nepal 2011-adjusted and unadjusted odds ratio

From: Factors associated with the introduction of prelacteal feeds in Nepal: findings from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011

Factor

Crude OR (95% CI)

Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 1

Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 2

Maternal education

 

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

No education

1.00

1.00

1.00

Primary

0.48 (0.35, 0.66) *

0.45 (0.34, 0.60) *

0.45 (0.34, 0.59)*

Secondary

0.63 (0.47, 0.84) *

0.53 (0.39, 0.73) *

0.54 (0.40, 0.73)*

Higher

1.64 (1.07, 2.54) *

1.54 (0.92, 2.85)

1.33 (0.80, 2.20)

Wealth quintile

 

p = 0.057

p = 0.011

Poor (lower 40%)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Middle (middle 40%)

1.69 (1.21, 2.35) *

1.45 (1.05, 1.99)*

1.63 (1.18, 2.26)*

Rich (top 20%)

1.58 (1.11, 2.25) *

1.35 (0.87, 2.09)

1.39 (0.90, 2.14)

Mother’s occupation

 

p = 0.006

p = 0.004

Not working

1.76 (1.23, 2.53) *

1.49 (1.06, 2.08)*

1.43 (1.06, 2.03)*

Agriculture

0.82 (0.61, 1.11)

0.99 (0.72, 1.37)

0.96 (0.70, 1.33)

Working (paid)

1.00

1.00

1.00

ANC visit (number)

 

p < 0.001

p = 0.001

No ANC visit

1.12 (0.72, 1.72)

1.65 (1.08, 2.52)*

1.23 (0.81, 1.87)*

1–3

1.55 (1.20, 2.02) *

1.71 (1.32, 2.21)*

1.62 (1.24, 2.10)*

4 or more

1.00

1.00

1.00

Birth interval

 

p < 0.001

Not in model

No previous birth

1.49 (1.18, 1.90) *

1.71 (1.38, 2.12) *

 

< 24 months

1.00 (0.56, 1.69)

0.92 (0.57, 1.46)

 

> = 24 months

1.00

1.00

 

Sex of child

 

p = 0.062

p = 0.08

Male

1.00

1.00

 

Female

1.22 (1.03, 1.44) *

1.17 (0.99, 1.39)

1.17 (0.98-1.39)

Ecological region

 

p < 0.001

Not in model

Mountain

1.00

1.00

 

Hill

1.13 (0.73, 1.75)

1.10 (0.70, 1.73)

 

Terai/Plain

2.90 (1.86, 4.54) *

2.28 (1.46, 3.57) *

 

Size of baby

 

p = 0.093

p = 0.038

Average

1.00

1.00

1.00

Small

1.01 (0.76, 1.33)

1.11 (0.83, 1.49)

1.24 (0.94, 1.64)

Large

0.65 (0.49, 0.87) *

0.75 (0.57, 1.01)

0.77 (0.58, 1.02)

Development region ®

 

Not in model

p < 0.001

Eastern

3.51 (2.16, 5.72) *

 

3.15 (1.94, 5.11)*

Central

8.99 (5.32, 15.19) *

 

6.84 (4.14, 11.32)*

Western

4.71 (2.80, 7.93) *

 

4.54 (2.56, 7.97)*

Mid-Western

3.07 (1.84, 5.12) *

 

2.84 (1.70, 4.75)*

Far-Western

1.00

 

1.00

Birth order ®

 

Not in model

p < 0.001

First

1.00

 

1.00

Second or third

0.62 (0.49, 0.78) *

 

0.59 (0.48, 0.73)*

Fourth or more

0.82 (0.59, 1.14)

 

0.72 (0.55, 0.96)*

  1. *Statistically significant CI.
  2. Independent variables entered in the initial model: Model 1: maternal education, wealth quintile, mother’s occupation, ANC visit, sex of the child, birth interval, child’s size at birth, and ecological region. [d.f.16 Wald chi square value:184.397 (p < 0.001); Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test: 0.431].
  3. Model 2: maternal education, wealth quintile, mother’s occupation, ANC visit, sex of the child, birth order, child’s size at birth, and development region. [d.f. 18; Wald chi square value; 196.279 (p < 0.001); Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness of fit test: 0.998]. ® in model 2: Ecological zone was replaced by development region and the birth interval was replaced by birth order in the initial model.
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358