Urban mothers (4 focus groups) | Rural mothers (5 focus groups) | Grandmothers (4 in-depth interviews) | Fathers (6 in-depth interviews) | Health staff & TBA (4 in-depth interviews of each) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colostrum and early initiation of breastfeeding | -Start breastfeeding immediately -Colostrum: -Gave it -Protection -Nutritious -Dirty | -Start breastfeeding immediately -Colostrum: -Some expressed it -Dirty -Protection | -Start breastfeeding immediately -Should give colostrum | -Start breastfeeding immediately | -Start breastfeeding immediately -Taught to give colostrum |
Pre-lacteals | -Negative | -Negative -A few practiced it -Gave water | -Discouraged it | ||
Exclusive breastfeeding | -Positive -Knowledgeable -Practiced by few -Breast milk insufficiency main barrier | -Positive -Knowledgeable -Practiced by few -Fear of dying main barrier | - Skeptical - Breast milk insufficiency and fear of the mother dying | -Not well informed -Skeptical -Child needed extra food | -Part of the education program -Few mothers practiced it |
Water and complementary foods | -Mealie meal -Water -Commercial porridge -Formula milk | -Mealie meal -Water | -Negative | -Mealie meal -Water -Commercial porridge -Formula milk | -Emphasized not to give before 6 months |
Breastfeeding problems | -Sores -Not sucking -Engorgement -Breast milk insufficiency -Child not satisfied -"Bad milk" -Lead to giving complementary foods -A barrier to EBF | -Sores -Not sucking -Engorgement -Breast milk insufficiency -Child not satisfied -"Bad milk" -Lead to giving complementary foods -A barrier to EBF | -Sores -Engorgement -Child not satisfied -Need for complementary foods | -Breast milk insufficiency -Child not satisfied -Need for complementary foods | -A barrier to EBF |
Cessation of breastfeeding | -At 18–24 months -Keep the child satisfied -Bring the child to relatives | -At 18–24 months -Bring the child to relatives -Traditional methods | -Gradual -Not separate from mother -Nutritious food | ||
Reasons to stop breastfeeding earlier than 18–24 months | -Mother very sick (HIV/AIDS) or infectious -"Bad milk" -Sore nipples -New pregnancy | -"Bad milk" -New pregnancy | -Mother very sick (HIV/AIDS) -New pregnancy | ||
Not breastfeeding at all | -Negative to -Sick mother -Lack of milk -Sores on breasts | -Negative to -Sick mother -Lack of milk -Sores on breasts | -Not acceptable | -Not acceptable | |
Infant feeding advice and support | -Clinic -Faith in nurses -People experienced with children | -Older people | -Provided material support | -Father -Mother-in-law |