Table 4 Regression analysis – associations with feeding any breast milk at six months
From: Factors associated with breastfeeding at six months postpartum in a group of Australian women
Factor | N * | % ** | Odds Ratio | (95% Confidence Interval) | Adj*** Odds Ratio | (95% Confidence Interval) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intention to breastfeed 6 months or more (asked at recruitment and 2–4 days after birth) | ||||||
   "Yes" at recruitment AND in hospital interview (ref) | 107 | 68.6 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   "No" at recruitment but "Yes" at in hospital interview | 205 | 57.8 | 0.63 | (0.42, 0.93) | 0.69 | (0.44, 1.07) |
   "Yes" at recruitment but "No" at in hospital interview | 27 | 57.5 | 0.62 | (0.32, 1.21) | 0.84 | (0.39, 1.81) |
   Never intended to breastfeed 6 months or more | 79 | 38.4 | 0.28 | (0.18, 0.44) | 0.41 | (0.25, 0.67) |
Desire to breastfeed | ||||||
   Other than very strong (ref) | 54 | 32.0 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   Very strong | 364 | 61.2 | 3.30 | (2.34, 4.64) | 2.18 | (1.45, 3.29) |
Confidence in breastfeeding ability | ||||||
   Other than confident (ref) | 202 | 50.0 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Feels confident | 216 | 60.0 | 1.53 | (1.15, 2.02) | n/s |  |
Partner's view of breastfeeding | ||||||
   Other than prefer breastfeed (ref) | 132 | 50.8 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Prefers me to breastfeed | 283 | 56.8 | 1.52 | (1.15, 2.02) | n/s |  |
Family's view of breastfeeding | ||||||
   Other than prefer breastfeed (ref) | 180 | 48.9 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Prefer me to breastfeed | 238 | 60.1 | 1.95 | (1.49, 2.55) | n/s |  |
Was breastfed as a baby | ||||||
   Not breastfed as baby (ref) | 83 | 43.7 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   Breastfed as a baby | 318 | 59.1 | 1.9 | (1.33, 2.60) | 1.73 | (1.19, 2.54) |
   Breastfeeding history unknown | 17 | 47.2 | 1.15 | (0.56, 2.36) | 1.72 | (0.74, 4.03) |
Smoked pre-pregnancy | ||||||
   No (ref) | 291 | 59.8 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   1–19/day | 101 | 48.1 | 0.62 | (0.45, 0.86) | 1.04 | (0.70, 1.52) |
   20 or more/day | 24 | 38.1 | 0.41 | (0.24, 0.71) | 0.47 | (0.26, 0.86) |
   Did not answer question | 2 | 50.0 | 0.67 | (0.94, 4.82) | 1.59 | (0.19, 13.40) |
Maternal body mass index | ||||||
   Normal weight (20–25) (ref) | 272 | 57.0 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   Underweight (< 20) | 63 | 60.0 | 1.16 | (0.76, 1.76) | 1.15 | (0.70, 1.88) |
   Overweight (> 25 and < 30) | 54 | 51.9 | 0.71 | (0.47, 1.06) | 0.70 | (0.43, 1.12) |
   Obese (>= 30) | 29 | 37.2 | 0.39 | (0.25, 0.62) | 0.49 | (0.28, 0.85) |
Baby admitted to special care | ||||||
   No (ref) | 379 | 55.5 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Yes | 39 | 48.2 | 0.74 | (0.47, 1.18) | n/s |  |
Gestation | ||||||
   < 37 weeks (ref) | 31 | 50.0 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   37 weeks and over | 387 | 55.1 | 1.12 | (0.70, 1.79) | n/s |  |
Breastfed within 1 hour of birth | ||||||
   Yes (ref) | 246 | 57.8 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   No | 172 | 50.9 | 0.71 | (0.54, 0.93) | n/s |  |
Received formula in hospital | ||||||
   No (ref) | 328 | 60.0 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   Yes | 90 | 41.5 | 0.39 | (0.29, 0.53) | 0.43 | (0.30, 0.62) |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Completed tertiary (ref) | 269 | 63.9 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Completed secondary (but not tertiary) | 96 | 48.5 | 0.53 | (0.38, 0.75) | n/s |  |
   Did not complete secondary | 53 | 36.6 | 0.33 | (0.22, 0.48) | n/s |  |
Family income (AUD) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   <$20,000 (ref) | 43 | 42.2 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   $20–50,000 | 149 | 52.0 | 1.43 | (0.95, 2.12) | n/s |  |
   >$50,000 | 206 | 62.2 | 2.06 | (1.38, 3.09) | n/s |  |
   Income missing | 20 | 45.5 | 1.09 | (0.59, 2.02) | n/s |  |
Region of birth | ||||||
   Australia (ref) | 269 | 50.3 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   Asia | 64 | 75.3 | 2.91 | (1.84, 4.62) | 2.90 | (1.57, 5.36) |
   Other | 85 | 59.0 | 1.58 | (1.11, 2.24) | 1.53 | (0.99, 2.36) |
Employed/studying at 6 months | ||||||
   No (ref) | 306 | 57.2 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Yes | 112 | 48.9 | 0.75 | (0.56, 0.99) | n/s |  |
Attended childbirth education | ||||||
   Yes (ref) | 364 | 58.8 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   No | 54 | 37.2 | 0.45 | (0.32, 0.63) | 0.46 | (0.29, 0.71) |
Breastfeeding problems day 2–4 | ||||||
   No (ref) | 178 | 57.6 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Yes | 240 | 52.8 | 0.73 | (0.55, 0.96) | n/s |  |
Rated midwife home visit extremely helpful for breastfeeding issues | ||||||
   No (ref) | 321 | 53.3 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Yes | 85 | 60.7 | 1.36 | (0.93, 1.97) | n/s |  |
   Did not have home visit | 12 | 54.6 | 1.05 | (0.45, 2.47) | n/s |  |
Attended breastfeeding clinic | ||||||
   Had breastfeeding problems but did not attend clinic (ref) | 177 | 50.0 | 1 |  | n/s |  |
   Had breastfeeding problems, did attend clinic | 79 | 55.6 | 1.25 | (0.85, 1.85) | n/s |  |
   Had no bf problems | 162 | 60.5 | 1.53 | (1.11, 2.12) | n/s |  |
Anxiety or depression problem in first 6 months (self-report) | ||||||
   No (ref) | 280 | 58.0 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   Yes | 138 | 49.1 | 0.78 | (0.59, 1.03) | 0.64 | (0.46, 0.90) |
Relationship problems at all in first 6 months | ||||||
   No (ref) | 378 | 57.0 | 1 |  | 1 |  |
   Yes | 40 | 39.6 | 0.56 | (0.38, 0.84) | n/s |  |
Age at recruitment (continuous variable used)# | - | - | 0.48 # | (0.35, 1.84) | 1.58 # | (1.35, 1.86) |